Scientists have long been intrigued by the mystery behind humans’ varying tolerance for spicy food. A recent article in Varsity, a Cambridge University magazine, sheds light on this fascinating topic.
What Makes Food “Spicy”?
Spicy sensations—burning, tingling, sharpness, warmth—stem from different chemicals. For example:
- Capsaicin in chili peppers causes a burning feeling.
- Hydroxy-alpha sanshool in Sichuan peppercorns creates a numbing effect.
These chemicals activate different protein receptors in the nerves of the tongue, triggering pain responses and side effects like salivation, runny nose, and tears.
Genetics: A Key Factor
Capsaicin binds to the TRPV1 receptor on pain-sensing nerve cells. Tiny genetic mutations can alter how sensitive this receptor is to capsaicin. A change in one amino acid can reduce sensitivity, meaning less capsaicin is needed to trigger a reaction.
According to Outi Törnwall from the University of Helsinki, genetics account for 15–58% of the variation in spicy food preference. The remaining 42–85% is influenced by other factors.
Culture and Social Norms
A study at the University of Pennsylvania explored how culture affects spice tolerance. Researchers compared:
- 125 villagers in Zapotec, Mexico, who eat chili at every meal from age six.
- 56 Americans, who eat spicy food about 2.6 times per week.
Though both groups felt the burn equally, the Mexican villagers enjoyed it more. They associated pain with pleasure—a phenomenon called hedonistic reversal. In many cultures, eating chili symbolizes strength, bravery, and masculinity.
Age and Experience Matter
Young people tend to be more sensitive to spicy food due to heightened sensory perception. Older individuals who’ve eaten spicy food for years may become desensitized as pain receptors degrade over time. Regular exposure to capsaicin also reduces receptor sensitivity, making spicy food more tolerable.
Not a Basic Taste
According to the BBC, spiciness isn’t one of the five basic tastes (sweet, salty, sour, bitter, umami). Instead, it’s a pain response triggered by capsaicin, which sends signals to the brain similar to those caused by heat.
Health Benefits and Cautions
Capsaicin offers several health perks:
- Boosts blood circulation
- Aids weight loss
- Supports heart health
- Improves skin condition
However, moderation is key to avoid unwanted side effects.
Disclaimer: This article is for informational purposes only and does not substitute professional medical advice. Consult your doctor before making health changes.